1、Current Situation and Transformation Direction of Traditional Buildings in China
Under the influence of the trend of"one super,many strong"and multipolar development of the world economic pattern,more and more foreign cultures are pouring into China.The continuous accumulation of history has formed the unique culture of the nation,left an imprint between the city and the architecture,and also integrated into people's lives.The traditional architectural culture of our country has poured into the world trend with the vigorous promotion of reform and opening up,but it is also inevitably affected by globalization.In the process of China's rapid economic development and vigorously promoting urbanization,how should traditional buildings adapt to the process of urbanization,continue to carry forward and inherit in the contradiction between urban construction and traditional architectural features,and innovate national traditional buildings in the constant updating of materials,technologies,structures,and equipment,so that they can be skillfully integrated into modern society,and can be sustainably developed and protected,It is a big problem that we need to solve.
Nowadays,the rapid economic development has driven the social development,and people's ideas and lifestyles have also been affected and changed.The redeployment planning of urbanization construction,the development of new urban areas and the transformation of old urban areas inevitably lead to conflicts and collisions.Some traditional buildings are damaged,and many buildings are in danger of being demolished.More and more villages and towns are developing towards urbanization,and more cities are developing towards an international pattern.It is worth thinking about where traditional architecture should go.
For the protection and development of traditional buildings,China has already had a concept and guiding program,which mainly includes three aspects.First,through the maintenance and transformation of traditional buildings in ancient villages and towns,the vast majority of folk houses in the ancient city can be preserved,the traditional life mode will not be broken,and people can still live and work in traditional folk houses.The original style and features of ancient towns are unique,which can promote the development of national tourism industry.The shops,homestays and national exhibition halls with national characteristics transformed by folk houses can bring economic income to people without affecting the normal use of people.At the same time,tourists can truly feel the charm of national history and culture,and truly integrate history and culture into life,such as Phoenix Ancient City,Lijiang Ancient City Xi'an cave dwellings,etc.Second,there is a kind of traditional residential buildings that belong to the early families of officials and rich people.They have a long history and have a long meaning,such as the Yongqin Palace,and some of them are deep houses or traditional Jiangnan residential buildings that integrate landscapes and pavilions,such as the Qiao Family Courtyard in Shanxi,the Lion Forest in Suzhou,the Humble Administrator's Garden,and so on.These traditional buildings are of great research value and cultural relic value.After repair and protection,they are only opened as tourist attractions for people to enjoy and learn.Third,the ethnic minority areas should adapt measures to local conditions and maintain the original social model.Because of the marginal geographical location,most of these dwellings have continued the original way of life,and the buildings are also well preserved,with strong regional and national characteristics.For example,Dulong people's wooden barracks and Kazakh yurts.
The existing traditional buildings in China have a large number and a wide range of distribution,which are very important cultural building resources.The research work in this area is relatively backward,and the research objects mainly focus on the reuse of existing buildings,the protection of urban traditional architectural environment,the protective reuse of traditional cultural buildings,and the renewal and development of urban characteristic sections.After the 1950s,when the"old"buildings were demolished,many contemporary buildings continued to emerge.Very few of the transformations were simply interior decoration,and even more were changed to European and American style,with no trace of tradition.At the same time of transforming traditional buildings,the contradiction between"old"buildings and"new"buildings is also constantly colliding and upgrading.How to integrate the relationship between the two in the transformation,so that the traditional buildings can continue to inherit without losing their original characteristics,but also gain new life in the transformation,is our key direction in the transformation.
2、Principles and methods of transformation
In fact,the transformation of traditional buildings is also the integration of the old and new relationships in buildings,which is also the basis for analyzing their protection methods."Old"is the inherent content of traditional architecture,and"new"is the newly added content.It can be basically divided into four types:the old merged into the new,the old absorbed the new,the new and the old paralleled,and the new and the old separated.
The old building is merged into the new one:it is very common for the old building to be partially or completely included in the new building by means of skin splicing,facade preservation,etc.in terms of structure or volume.In this form,the remaining part of the old building often becomes a part of the new building,which is usually used when some cultural relics have low value or the old building has been seriously damaged and there is no possibility of repair,However,from the perspective of traditional building protection,this method is helpless and is not recommended.
Absorb the old:This method is to reinforce the old building or repair the damaged parts for internal renewal.This form is mainly based on the inherent traditional architecture.Combining some structures of the old architecture with modern aesthetics into a new structure will not affect the historical value of the traditional architecture.
The new and old buildings are in parallel:it is mainly a form of connecting the new and old buildings.Under this form of protection,the internal space of the new and old buildings is actually connected,which is two parts under one structure.
The separation of old and new buildings:This form mainly guarantees the relative independence and integrity of old buildings in space and structure,and allows the transition zone to connect the old and new buildings.In this way,the old and new buildings are independent from each other,which is conducive to protecting the cultural value and human characteristics of traditional buildings.
3、Research on sustainable protection and transformation of traditional architecture
The protection and transformation of traditional buildings is not only a sustainable exploration of materials,technology and technology,but also needs to be stationed in China to explore the sustainable development of traditional buildings.
The first is about the sustainability of traditional architectural regions.The deepening development of reform and opening up has also brought a severe test to traditional architecture.A large number of modern buildings have sprung up like mushrooms.Foreign architects,including their architectural ideas,have also poured into China.Although the construction market continues to develop,the architecture seems to be the same pattern,without any local characteristics,the local culture is gradually declining,and the historical context is broken.The protection and inheritance of traditional architecture should not forget localization.To integrate traditional culture into the architectural form,traditional architecture needs sustainable inheritance and protection with regional characteristics.Secondly,it is the sustainability of traditional architectural culture.From the perspective of sustainable development and transformation in traditional architecture,the architectural culture with traditional national style and local characteristics is the main content of sustainable protection and transformation.As a national traditional architecture,it is a practical product of human's long-term survival and development in order to adapt to the harmonious coexistence of nature,with regional characteristics and national style,which contains the ideological connotation of our country,We need to constantly explore and make it sustainable protection,transformation and development.
4、Conclusion
The sustainable protection and transformation of traditional buildings can preserve the distinctive culture,renew and continue the distinctive traditional buildings,develop the national buildings with Chinese characteristics,and let the culture be reflected and inherited in the buildings.Therefore,we should constantly explore the methods of sustainable transformation of traditional buildings to promote the development and growth of China's construction industry more competitively